Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. These diseases are caused by mutations in genes that are responsible for the structure and function of muscles. The different forms of MD vary in severity, age of onset, and the specific muscles affected. While there is no cure for MD, treatments are available to help manage symptoms, slow the progression of some types, and improve quality of life.

The symptoms of MD vary depending on the specific type and the individual affected. However, some common symptoms include:

Progressive muscle weakness: This is the hallmark symptom, and it can affect different muscle groups depending on the type of MD. It often starts in childhood but can begin at any age.

Muscle wasting (atrophy): Muscles gradually lose mass and strength.

Difficulty with motor skills: Such as walking, running, climbing stairs, or lifting objects.

Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired.

Joint contractures: Stiffening of the joints due to shortening of muscles or tendons.

Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine.

Breathing problems: Weakness of the respiratory muscles can lead to breathing difficulties.

Swallowing difficulties (dysphagia): Weakness of the throat muscles can make swallowing difficult.

Heart problems: Some forms of MD can affect the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy).

MD is caused by genetic mutations that interfere with the production of proteins needed for healthy muscles. These mutations are inherited, meaning they are passed down from parents to children. Different types of MD are caused by mutations in different genes.

Diagnosing MD typically involves a combination of:

Medical history and physical exam: The doctor will ask about symptoms, family history, and perform a physical examination to assess muscle strength and function.

Genetic testing: This is the most definitive way to diagnose MD. Blood tests are used to analyze the genes and identify specific mutations.

Muscle biopsy: A small sample of muscle tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to look for characteristic changes.

Electromyography (EMG): This test measures the electrical activity of muscles and can help identify muscle damage.

Creatine kinase (CK) test: This blood test measures the level of CK, an enzyme that is released into the blood when muscles are damaged. Elevated CK levels can suggest muscle disease.

Muscle MRI: This imaging technique can visualize muscle tissue and identify patterns of muscle involvement.

MSC (Mesenchymal Stem Cells) Therapy:

MSC therapy involves using stem cells derived from various sources, one of them is umbilical cord. These stem cells have the ability to repair damaged cartilage, reduce inflammation, and promote joint regeneration.

Physiotherapy:

Physiotherapy helps to improve the strength and flexibility of the muscles surrounding the affected joint. Specific exercises are designed to reduce pain, increase range of motion, and prevent further joint damage. Lifestyle Modification: Exercise: Engaging in low-impact activities like swimming, walking, or cycling can help strengthen the muscles around the joint, improve flexibility, and reduce pain. Weight Management: Maintaining a healthy weight reduces stress on the joints, especially weight-bearing ones like the knees and hips. Diet Modification: Anti-inflammatory Diet: Incorporating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids (such as fish, flax seeds, and walnuts) can help reduce inflammation. Joint Health Nutrients: Including foods high in antioxidants, vitamin C, and vitamin D can support cartilage health and joint function. Supplements: Supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin, and turmeric may support joint health and reduce pain and stiffness in osteoarthritis patients. These treatment options aim to improve joint function, alleviate pain, and slow the progression of osteoarthritis, helping you lead a more comfortable, active life.